mongo-graphql-starter

This utility will scaffold GraphQL schema and resolvers, with queries, filters and mutations working out of the box, based on metadata you enter about your Mongo db.

The idea is to auto-generate the mundane, repetitive boilerplate needed for a graphQL endpoint, then get out of your way, leaving you to code anything else you need.

• mongo-graphql-starter
  • Prior art
  • How do you use it?
    • Valid types for your fields
    • Adding property traits
    • Readonly types
    • Circular dependencies are fine
  • VS Code integration
  • TypeScript integration
  • Queries created
    • Projecting results from queries
    • Fragment support
    • Custom query arguments
  • Filters created
    • null values
    • String filters
    • String array filters
    • Int filters
    • Int array filters
    • Float filters
    • Float array filters
    • Date filters
    • Formatting dates
    • OR Queries
    • Nested object and array filters
    • Sorting
    • Paging
  • Mutations
    • Creations
    • Updates
      • The Updates argument
    • Deleting
    • Mutation examples
  • Transactions
  • Integrating custom content
    • schemaSources example
    • resolverSources example
    • Adding Arbitrary Schema and Resolver Content
  • Defining relationships between types
    • Using relationships
    • Implementation
    • Creating related data
      • In creations
      • In updates (not one-to-many)
      • In updates (one-to-many)
      • In lifecycle hooks
  • Lifecycle hooks
    • All available hooks
      • The queryPacket argument to the queryMiddleware hook
    • How to define hooks
      • Customizing the location of your hooks file.
      • Doing asynchronous processing in hooks.
      • Reusing code across types' hooks
  • A closer look at what's generated
  • Run tests

Prior art

This project is heavily inspired by Graph.Cool. It was an amazing graphQL-as-a-service that got me hooked on the idea of auto-generating a graphQL endpoint on your data store. The only thing I disliked about it was that you lost control of your data. You lacked the ability to connect directly to your database and index tune, bulk insert data, bulk update data, etc. This project aims to provide the best of both worlds: your graphQL endpoint is auto generated, but on top of the database you provide, and by extension retain control of. And integrating your own arbitrary content is directly supported.

How do you use it?

Let's work through a simple example.

NOTE: All of the code below assumes you're using John Dalton's ESM loader. Do not try to run this code with Node's native ESM.

First, create your db metadata like this. Each mongo collection you'd like added to your GraphQL endpoint needs to contain the table name, and all of the fields, keyed off of the data types provided. If you're creating a type which will only exist inside another type's Mongo fields, then you can omit the table property.

For any type which is contained in a Mongo collection—ie has a table property—if you leave off the _id field, one will be added for you, of type MongoIdType. Types with a table property will hereafter be referred to as "queryable."

projectSetupA.js

import { dataTypes } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
const {
  MongoIdType,
  MongoIdArrayType,
  StringType,
  StringArrayType,
  BoolType,
  IntType,
  IntArrayType,
  FloatType,
  FloatArrayType,
  DateType,
  arrayOf,
  objectOf,
  formattedDate,
  JSONType,
  typeLiteral
} = dataTypes;

export const Author = {
  fields: {
    name: StringType,
    birthday: DateType
  }
};

export const Book = {
  table: "books",
  fields: {
    _id: MongoIdType,
    title: StringType,
    pages: IntType,
    weight: FloatType,
    keywords: StringArrayType,
    editions: IntArrayType,
    prices: FloatArrayType,
    isRead: BoolType,
    mongoIds: MongoIdArrayType,
    authors: arrayOf(Author),
    primaryAuthor: objectOf(Author),
    strArrs: typeLiteral("[[String]]"),
    createdOn: DateType,
    createdOnYearOnly: formattedDate({ format: "%Y" }),
    jsonContent: JSONType
  }
};

export const Subject = {
  table: "subjects",
  fields: {
    _id: MongoIdType,
    name: StringType
  }
};

Now create your schema and resolvers

import { createGraphqlSchema } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
import * as projectSetup from "./projectSetupA";

import path from "path";

createGraphqlSchema(projectSetup, path.resolve("./test/testProject1"));

There should now be a graphQL folder containing schema, resolver, and type metadata files for your types, as well as a master resolver and schema file, which are aggregates over all the types.

Now tell Express about it—and don't forget to add a root object with a db property that resolves to a connection to your database. If you're on Mongo 4 or higher, be sure to also add a client property that resolves to your Mongo client instance, which will be used to create sessions and transactions, for multi-document operations.

If needed, db and client can be functions which returns a promise resolving to those things.

Here's what a minimal, complete example might look like.

import { MongoClient } from "mongodb";
import expressGraphql from "express-graphql";
import resolvers from "./graphQL/resolver";
import schema from "./graphQL/schema";
import { makeExecutableSchema } from "graphql-tools";
import express from "express";

const app = express();

const mongoClientPromise = MongoClient.connect(connString, { useNewUrlParser: true });
const mongoDbPromise = mongoClientPromise.then(client => client.db(dbName));

const root = { client: mongoClientPromise, db: mongoDbPromise };
const executableSchema = makeExecutableSchema({ typeDefs: schema, resolvers });

app.use(
  "/graphql",
  expressGraphql({
    schema: executableSchema,
    graphiql: true,
    rootValue: root
  })
);
app.listen(3000);

Now http://localhost:3000/graphql should, assuming the database above exists, and has data, allow you to run queries.

Valid types for your fields

Here are the valid types you can import from mongo-graphql-starter

import { dataTypes } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
const {
  MongoIdType,
  MongoIdArrayType,
  StringType,
  StringArrayType,
  BoolType,
  IntType,
  IntArrayType,
  FloatType,
  FloatArrayType,
  DateType,
  arrayOf,
  objectOf,
  formattedDate,
  JSONType,
  typeLiteral
} = dataTypes;

Adding property traits

If you'd like to modify the default behavior of a type's properties, you can use the fieldOf builder. Pass it a type from the prior section, and call the appropriate method to add the desired trait.

For now, the only available trait is nonQueryable, which prevents queries from being generated for a property. This will remove some bloat from your GraphQL api. These properties will still be editable and readable, but no queries will be generated for them. Properties can be made nonQueryable with the nonQueryable() method.

import { MongoIdType, StringType, fieldOf } from "../../src/dataTypes";

export const Book = {
  table: "books",
  fields: {
    _id: fieldOf(MongoIdType).nonQueryable(),
    title: fieldOf(StringType).nonQueryable(),
    isRead: BoolType
  }
};

Readonly types

Add readonly: true to any type if you want only queries, and no mutations (both discussed below) created.

Circular dependencies are fine

Feel free to have your types reference each other. Just use a getter to reference types created downstream. For example, the following will generate a valid schema.

import { dataTypes } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
const { MongoIdType, StringType, arrayOf } = dataTypes;

export const Tag = {
  table: "tags",
  fields: {
    _id: MongoIdType,
    tagName: StringType,
    get authors() {
      return arrayOf(Author);
    }
  }
};

export const Author = {
  table: "authors",
  fields: {
    name: StringType,
    tags: arrayOf(Tag)
  }
};

VS Code integration

At the root of the GraphQL folder that's created with your endpoint code, there should be an entireSchema.gql file. You can configure the VS Code GraphQL plugin to use it to validate, and provide auto-complete inside your .graphql files. Check the plugin's docs for more info

TypeScript integration

In order to generate TypeScript typings for the various types, query responses, etc. in your endpoint, just specify a typings value in the options (third argument) for createGraphqlSchema.

createGraphqlSchema(projectSetupTS, path.resolve("./my/path"), { typings: path.resolve("./path/to/graphql-types.ts") });

That'll create graphql-types.ts in the location you specify. Put it somewhere it'll be convenient to import the types from, in order to integrate with your application code.

The typings are created with GraphQL Code Generator. In addition the types in your endpoint, this library also inserts some helpers for typing queries and mutations.

The QueryOf type takes one, or two generic types, representing the queries a GraphQL query may have. The simplest use is to just pass a string to it, for the query that was run

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<"allSubjects">>(packet);

That will generate a type with an allSubjects key, and a value of whatever was generated for the allSubjects query. If you have two different queries in one request, you can do

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<"allSubjects" | "allBooks">>(packet);

If you'd like some autocomplete for your query names, you can use the Queries type that's generated, and do

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<Queries["allSubjects"] | Queries["allBooks"]>>(packet);

The result is the same, but inside Queries[""] you should get autocomplete with all the query names.

If you have aliased queries, specify them like this

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<{ bookQuery: "allBooks" }>>(packet);

or of course you can still use the Queries type for better DX.

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<{ bookQuery: Queries["allBooks"] }>>(packet);

And if you have both, together, then just add a second generic type for each (order doesn't matter; either can be first).

let queryResults = useQuery<QueryOf<{ bookQuery: Queries["allBooks"] }, Queries["allSubjects"] | Queries["allBooks"]>>(packet);

For mutations, there are MutationOf and Mutations types, which work identically.

These types (and the rest from your endpoint) are generated from the typings file you specified above

import { QueryOf, Queries, MutationOf, Mutations } from "./path/to/graphql-typings";

Queries created

For each queryable type, there will be a get<Type> query which receives an _id argument, and returns the single, matching object keyed under <Type>.

For example

{getBook(_id: "59e3dbdf94dc6983d41deece"){Book{createdOn}}}

will retrieve that book, bringing back only the createdOn field.

There will also be an all<Type>s query created, which receives filters for each field, described below. This query returns an array of matching results under the <Type>s key, as well as a Meta object which has a count property, which if specified, will return the record count for the entire query, beyond just the current page.

For example

{allBooks(SORT: {title: 1}, PAGE: 1, PAGE_SIZE: 5){Books{title}, Meta{count}}}

will retrieve the first page of books' titles, as well as the count of all books matching whatever filters were specified in the query (in this case there were none).

Note, if you don't query Meta.count from the results, then the total query will not be execute. Similarly, if you don't query anything from the main result set, then that query will not execute.

The generated resolvers will analyze the AST and only query what you ask for.

Projecting results from queries

Use standard GraphQL syntax to select only the fields you want from your query. The incoming ast will be parsed, and the generated query will only pull what was requested. This applies to nested fields as well. For example, given this GraphQL setup, this unit test, and the others in the suite demonstrate the degree to which you can select nested field values.

Fragment support

As of version 0.11.1, fragments are now supported

fragment d1 on Book {
  title
}
fragment d2 on Book {
  ...d1
  pages
}
fragment d3 on Book {
  ...d2
  isRead
}
query {
  getBook(_id: "59e3dbdf94dc6983d41deece") {
    Book {
      ...d3
      weight
    }
  }
}

Custom query arguments

If you'd like to add custom arguments to these queries, you can do so like this

export const Thing = {
  table: "things",
  fields: {
    name: StringType,
    strs: StringArrayType,
    ints: IntArrayType,
    floats: FloatArrayType
  },
  manualQueryArgs: [{ name: "ManualArg", type: "String" }]
};

Now ManualArg can be sent over to the getThing and allThings queries. This can be useful if you need to do custom processing in the middleware hooks (covered later)

Filters created

All scalar fields, and scalar array fields (StringArray, IntArray, etc) will have the following filters created

Exact match

field: <value> - will match results with exactly that value.

Not equal

field_ne: <value> - will match results that do not have this value. For array types, pass in a whole array of values, and Mongo will do an element by element comparison.

in match

field_in: [<value1>, <value2>] - will match results which match any of those exact values.

not in match

field_nin: [<value1>, <value2>] - will match results which do not match any of those exact values.

For Date fields, the strings you send over will be converted to Date objects before being passed to Mongo. Similarly, for MongoIds, the Mongo ObjectId method will be applied before running the filter. For the array types, the value will be an entire array, which will be matched by Mongo item by item.

All array types, both of scalars, like StringArray, and of arrays of user-defined types, will support the following queries:

Count

field_count: <value> - will match results with that number of entries in the array

null values

If you pass null for an exact match query, matches will be returned if that value is literally null, or doesn't exist at all (per Mongo's behavior). If you pass null for a not equal (ne) query, matches will come back if any value exists.

If you pass null for any other filter, it will be ignored.

String filters

If your field is named title then the following filters will be available

String array filters

If your field is named keywords then the following filters will be available

Int filters

If your field is named pages then the following filters will be available

Int array filters

If your field is named editions then the following filters will be available

Float filters

If your field is named weight then the following filters will be available

Float array filters

If your field is named prices then the following filters will be available

Date filters

If your field is named createdOn then the following filters will be available

Formatting dates

Each date field will also have a dateField_format argument created for queries, allowing you to customize the date formatting for that field; the format passed in should correspond to a valid Mongo date format. For example, if your date is called createdOn, then you can do

{allBooks(pages: 100, createdOn_format: "%m"){createdOn}}

which will query books with a pages value of 100, and return only the createdOn field, formatted as just the month.

OR Queries

Combining filters with Mongo's $or is easy. Just use the same API, but with OR instead of $or ($ is not a valid character for GraphQL identifiers). For example

{
  allBooks(
    pages_gt: 50,
    OR: [
      {title: "Book 1", pages: 100},
      {title_contains: "ook", OR: [{weight_gt: 2}, {pages_lt: 0}]}
    ]
  ) {
    Book {
      _id
      title
      pages
      weight
    }
  }
}

will match all results where

pages is greater than 50
  AND (
    (title is "Book 1" AND pages is 100)
    OR
    (title contains "ook"
      AND
        (weight is greater than 2 OR pages is less than 0)
    )
  )

Nested object and array filters

For nested arrays or objects, you can pass a filter with the name of the field, that's of the same form as the corresponding type's normal filters. For arrays, whatever you pass in will be translated into $elemMatch, which means the record will have to have at least one array member which matches all of your criteria. Similarly, for nested objects the record will have to have an object value which matches all criteria to be returned.

For example

{allBlogs(
  comments: {
    upVotes: 4,
    author: {
      OR: [
        { name: "CA 3" },
        { favoriteTag: {name: "T1"} }
      ]
    }
  },
  SORT: {title: 1}
){ Blogs{ title }}}

Will query blogs that have at least one comment which has 4 upvotes, and also has an author with either a name of "CA 3", or a favoriteTag with a name of "T1"

Or you could do

{allBlogs(
  comments: {
    upVotes: 4,
    OR: [
      {author: { name: "CA 3" } },
      {author: { favoriteTag: {name: "T1"}}}
    ]
  },
  SORT: {title: 1}
){ Blogs{ title }}}

which is identical.

Sorting

To sort, use the SORT argument, and pass it an object literal with the field by which you'd like to sort, with the Mongo value of 1 for ascending, or -1 for descending. For example

allBooks(SORT: {title: 1}){title, pages}

To sort by multiple fields, use SORTS, and send an array of those same object literals. For example

allBooks(SORTS: [{pages: 1}, {title: -1}]){title, pages}

which will sort by pages ascending, and then by title descending.

Paging

Page your data in one of two ways.

Pass LIMIT and SKIP to your query, which will map directly to the $limit and $skip Mongo aggregation arguments.

Or send over PAGE and PAGE_SIZE arguments, which calculate $limit and $skip for you, and add to the Mongo query.

Mutations

Each queryable type will also generate a create<Type>, update<Type>, update<Type>s, update<Type>sBulk and delete<Type> mutation.

Creations

create<Type> will create a new object. Pass a single <Type> argument with properties for each field on the type, and it will return back the new, created object under the <Type> key.

For example

createBook(Book: {title: "Book 1", pages: 100}){Book{title, pages}}

Updates

All update mutations take an Updates argument, representing the mutations to make. This argument is described below.

update<Type> requires an _id argument of the object you want to update. This mutation returns a success field indicating that the operation completed, and a <Type> value (of the object that was just updated) that can be queried as needed. If you leave the <Type> value off of the selection, no query will be made after the update.

update<Type>s requires an _ids array argument, representing the _id's of the objects you want to update. This mutation returns a success field indicating that the operation completed, and a <Type>s array value (of the objects that were just updated) that can be queried as needed. If you leave the <Type>s value off of the selection, no query will be made after the update.

update<Type>sBulk takes a Match argument, which can take all of the same filters which you pass to the all<type>s query. Pass whatever filters you'd like, and matching records will be updated. This mutation returns only a success property, indicating that the operation was completed, since it's not easy or efficient to keep track of exactly which records were updated.

The Updates argument

All update mutations take an Updates argument, which indicate the updates to perform. This argument can receive fields corresponding to each field in your type. Any value you pass will replace the corresponding value in Mongo.

For example

updateBlog(_id: "${obj._id}", Updates: {words: 100}){Blog{title, words}}

will set the words property to 100 for that blog.

In addition, the following arguments are supported

Deleting

delete<Type> takes a single _id argument, and deletes it.

Mutation examples

Example of create and delete, together

Example of a basic update

Full example of nested updates

Another example of nested updates, with array CONCAT

Multi updates

Bulk updates

Transactions

As of version 0.8, this project will use Mongo transactions for any multi-document mutations (creates, updates or deletes), assuming of course your Mongo version supports them (4.0).

If you're on Mongo 4, be sure to provide a client object to the root GraphQL object, as discussed at the beginning of these docs. If you do, any mutations which affect more than one document will use a transaction, and only commit when everything is finished.

To see whether a transaction was used for your mutation, you can query the Meta property, which has a boolean transaction property. See the generated schema for more info.

NOTE If you're running from mongod, ie during development, be sure to not pass the client value, since this will result in a transaction attempting to start for multi-document operations, and then error out since transactions can only run from mongos, or a replica set. If anyone knows a good way to detect this in code, feel free to send me an issue (or PR).

Integrating custom content

This project aims to create as much boilerplate as possible, but of course special use cases will always exist, which require custom code. To accomplish this, you can add metadata to your type definitions indicating where additional schema or resolver code is located; as well as any built-in queries or mutations you'd like to define yourself, instead of using what would otherwise be created by this library. For example

export const Coordinate = {
  table: "coordinates",
  fields: {
    x: IntType,
    y: IntType
  },
  resolvedFields: {
    pointAbove: "Coordinate",
    allNeighbors: "[Coordinate]"
  },
  extras: {
    resolverSources: [path.join(__dirname, "graphQL-extras/coordinateResolverExtras")],
    schemaSources: [path.join(__dirname, "graphQL-extras/coordinateSchemaExtras")],
    overrides: ["getCoordinate", "updateCoordinate"]
  }
};

This creates a Coordinate type with an x and y field. resolvedFields defines fields on your type whose resolvers you define yourself (more on that in a moment). These fields will be a part of your type, so you can request them from queries, but no filters will be made, and no slots will be defined for them in the creation or mutations that are generated. The use case here is for separately queried data that you need to handle yourself.

Inside of the extras entry, the overrides array is for built-in queries and mutations which you want to define yourself (or have omitted). Here, getCoordinate and updateCoordinate will not be defined; you can define these actions yourself, in the schema, and resolver.

resolverSources is an array of paths which will be imported from within this type's resolver file. For each, the default export will be imported. If this object defines a Query entry, that will be spread onto the Queries which are already created. If this export defines a Mutation entry, that will be similarly spread onto the Mutations which are created. Lastly, anything else will be spread onto the type.

schemaSources behaves likewise. The default export is imported, and if a Query or Mutation string is defined on the imported object, then that content will be added to the query and mutation sections already defined.

schemaSources example

The coordinateSchemaExtras.js file from above contains this

export default {
  Query: `
    getCoordinate(_id: String): [Coordinate]
    randomQuery: Coordinate
  `,
  Mutation: `
    updateCoordinate(_id: String, Updates: CoordinateMutationInput): [Coordinate]
    randomMutation: Coordinate
  `
};

The definitions for getCoordinate and updateCoordinate are defined. These definitions keep the same arguments, but change the return type. Here the results are the queried objects alone, not contained under a Coordinate object, and without any metadata that would normally be available; you're free to change built-in definitions however you may want. Also defined are a new query, and mutation.

resolverSources example

The coordinateResolverExtras.js file from above contains this

export default {
  pointAbove() {
    return { x: 10, y: 11 };
  },
  allNeighbors() {
    return [{ x: 12, y: 13 }, { x: 14, y: 15 }];
  },
  Query: {
    getCoordinate() {
      return [{ x: -1, y: -2 }, { x: -3, y: -4 }];
    },
    randomQuery() {
      return { x: 7, y: 8 };
    }
  },
  Mutation: {
    updateCoordinate() {
      return [{ x: 1, y: 2 }, { x: 3, y: 4 }];
    },
    randomMutation() {
      return { x: 5, y: 6 };
    }
  }
};

Here we've defined our resolver for the pointAbove and allNeighbors fields (you can of course make these async methods and actually query real data). The Query entry contains the getCoordinate query that was overridden, plus the randomQuery defined in the schema file above. Lastly, the Mutation entry has the updateCoordinate mutation that we overrode, and randomMutation.

You can add as many of these files as you need. If no queries or mutations are being added, those sections can be omitted.

Adding Arbitrary Schema and Resolver Content

resolverSources and schemaSources are meant for adding content specific for types you're already defining, and connecting to Mongo. If you have portions of your GraphQL endpoint that are defined separately from Mongo, for example in Dynamo, PostgresSQL, etc., and you'd like to add arbitrary content to your GraphQL endpoint, you can do that by specifying schemaAdditions and resolverAdditions when you call createGraphqlSchema.

createGraphqlSchema(projectSetupF, path.resolve("./test/testProject6"), {
  hooks: path.resolve(__dirname, "./projectSetup_Hooks.js"),
  schemaAdditions: [
    path.resolve(__dirname, "./graphQL-extras/schemaAdditions1.gql"),
    path.resolve(__dirname, "./graphQL-extras/schemaAdditions2.gql")
  ],
  resolverAdditions: [
    path.resolve(__dirname, "./graphQL-extras/resolverAdditions1"),
    path.resolve(__dirname, "./graphQL-extras/resolverAdditions2")
  ]
})

The schema files will be read, and their text added directly to your overall schema. For example, schemaAdditions1.gql might contain this

type AddedType {
  val: String
  val2: String
}

extend type Query {
  getAddedType(arg: String): AddedType
}

extend type Mutation {
  updateAddedType(arg: String): Boolean
}

while resolverAdditions1 should default export an object, with optional Query, Mutation, and other properties that will be merged appropriately with the overall resolver code that is generated.

export default {
  AddedType: {
    val2() {
      return "val2";
    }
  },
  Query: {
    getAddedType(arg) {
      return {
        val: "Some Value"
      };
    }
  },
  Mutation: {
    updateAddedType(arg) {
      return true;
    }
  }
};

Defining relationships between types

Relationships can be defined between queryable types. This allows you to normalize your data into separate Mongo collections, related by foreign keys.

To define relationships, add a relationships section to your type

import { dataTypes } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
const { MongoIdType, MongoIdArrayType, StringType, IntType, FloatType, DateType } = dataTypes;

export const Author = {
  table: "authors",
  fields: {
    name: StringType,
    birthday: DateType
  },
  relationships: {
    books: {
      get type() {
        return Book;
      },
      fkField: "_id",
      keyField: "authorIds"
    }
  }  
};

export const Book = {
  table: "books",
  fields: {
    _id: MongoIdType,
    title: StringType,
    pages: IntType,
    weight: FloatType,
    mainAuthorId: MongoIdType,
    authorIds: MongoIdArrayType
  },
  relationships: {
    authors: {
      get type() {
        return Author;
      },
      fkField: "authorIds"
    },
    mainAuthor: {
      get type() {
        return Author;
      },
      fkField: "mainAuthorId"
    }
  }
};

For each relationship, the object key (ie books, authors, mainAuthor above) will be the name of the object or array created in the GraphQL schema. If the foreign key is an array, then the resulting property will always be an array (we'll refer to these collections as many-to-many). If the foreign key is not an array, then an object will be created if the keyField is _id (which we'll call one-to-one), which is the default, otherwise an array will be created (one-to-many). This behavior can be overridden by specifying oneToOne or oneToMany, described below.

For one-to-one and many-to-many relationships, when creating new objects using the create<Type> mutation, any specified new members of the relationship will be created before the new parent object, with the parent object's <foreignKey> field being set, or added to for arrays, from the new relationship object's keyField, whatever it is.

For one-to-many relationships, after creating new objects using the create<Type> mutation, any specified new members of the relationship will be created after the parent object, with the related objects' <keyKey> field being set, or added to for arrays, from the new relationship object's <foreignKey>, whatever it is (though usually _id).

For one-to-many relationships where the key is _id, upon deleting a parent object, all of the "many" objects (who have a foreign key pointing to that _id key field) will have those _id values removed from the related array, or cleared out if it's a single value.

Using relationships

Request these relationships right in your GraphQL queries. If you do not request anything, then nothing will be fetched from Mongo, as usual. If you do request them, the ast will be parsed, and only the queried fields will fetched, and returned. Implementation details are below, but you'll never need to worry about the Select N + 1 problem.

For relationships that return a collection of items, like authors above, you can specify the SORT and SORTS, PAGE, PAGE_SIZE, LIMIT and SKIP arguments, like normal. There's also a FILTER argument, which takes all the normal filters for that type. For example

{
  allBooks(title_contains: "1"){
    Books{
      title, 
      authors(SORT: {name: 1}){name}
    }
  }
}

{
  allBooks(title_contains: "1"){
    Books{
      title, 
      authors(SORTS: [{name: 1}, {birthday: -1}]){name}
    }
  }
}

{
  allAuthors(name_startsWith: "Adam"){
    Authors{
      name, 
      books(PAGE: 2, PAGE_SIZE: 3, FILTER: { pages_gt: 150 }, SORT: {pages: 1}){
        title
      }
    }
  }
}

Array relationships also create a sibling Meta property (same name, but with Meta on the end) that contains the count of all results. For example

{
  allAuthors(name_startsWith: "Adam"){
    Authors{
      name, 
      booksMeta{
        count
      }
    }
  }
}

The Meta property also accepts the same FILTER argument as before, if you want to get a count of some subset of your items. For example

{
  allAuthors(name_startsWith: "Adam"){
    Authors{
      name, 
      booksMeta(FILTER: { title_contains: "Math" }){
        count
      }
    }
  }
}

Implementation

Internally, relationships can be fetched by either adding a $lookup to Mongo's aggregation pipeline, or with the DataLoader package, inside the relevant resolver method. By default, the latter is preferred, since that's what I measured to produce better performance. To change this default globally, do the following:

import { settings } from "mongo-graphql-starter";
settings.setPreferLookup(true);

To change this default on an individual relationship query, you can pass a PREFER_LOOKUP argument, like so

{
  allAuthors(name_startsWith: "Adam"){
    Authors{
      name, 
      books(PREFER_LOOKUP: true, FILTER: { pages_gt: 150 }, SORT: {pages: 1}){
        title
      }
    }
  }
}

To undo the global PREFER_LOOKUP setting on an individual query, you can pass DONT_PREFER_LOOKUP

{
  allAuthors(name_startsWith: "Adam"){
    Authors{
      name, 
      books(DONT_PREFER_LOOKUP: true, FILTER: { pages_gt: 150 }, SORT: {pages: 1}){
        title
      }
    }
  }
}

This will cause the relationship query to be satisfied with the DataLoader, if possible. See below for when that's not possible.

Any relationship that uses paging, either with the PAGE and PAGE_SIZE arguments, or with the manual SKIP and LIMIT arguments, will always use a Mongo $lookup. This is a result of how the DataLoader works. If your query uses any of these arguments, it will be satisfied by adding a $lookup to the pipeline, no matter what defaults or settings you've passed.

Creating related data

In creations

When creating objects with relationships, the input type will have slots named for each relationship, which take an array of objects for array-based relationships, or a single object otherwise. For example

`createBook(Book: {title: "New Book", authors: [{ name: "New Author 1" }, { name: "New Author 2" }]}){Book{_id, title, authors{name}}}`

will create those two new authors objects, and associate their ids in the new book object's foreign key field.

For a relationship defining a single object, it would look like this

`createBook(Book: {title: "New Book", mainAuthor: { name: "New Author" }}){Book{_id, title, mainAuthor{name}}}`

In updates (not one-to-many)

For relationships which define an array, like authors, there will be a <relationshipName>_ADD property on the Updates object of all update mutations. This property will accept an array of new objects to be created, with the new IDs being added to the current object's foreign key field. For example

`updateBook(_id: "${book1._id}", Updates: {authors_ADD: [{ name: "New Author" }]}){Book{title}}`

will create an author with that name, and then put the new author's _id into the updating book's authorIds field.

Similarly, for relationships that define a single object, there will be a <relationshipName>_SET property on the Updates object which will accept a single object. For example

`updateBook(_id: "${book1._id}", Updates: {mainAuthor_SET: { name: "ABORT" }}){Book{title}}`

In updates (one-to-many)

There's a number of tricky edge cases here. As a result, one-to-many collections can only be updated via args that are created in the updateSingle mutation; updateMulti mutation, if the keyField is an array; but not updateBulk. Moreover, these arguments will only be created if the fkField on the relationship is _id. The reason for this restriction is that that's the only way to guarantee that the corresponding keyField on the newly created objects can be correctly set.

In lifecycle hooks

Newly created entities will invoke the insert-related lifecycle hooks, just as they would if you were creating them with the createAuthor mutation: any false return values from the beforeInsert hook will result in that particular object being discarded completely, with the rest of the operation proceeding on.

These lifecycle hooks are discussed below.

Lifecycle hooks

Most applications will have cross-cutting concerns, like authentication. Queries and mutations have various hooks that you can tap into, to add custom behavior.

Most of the hooks receive these arguments (and possibly others) which are defined here, once.

All available hooks

The queryPacket argument to the queryMiddleware hook

The queryPacket passed to the queryMiddleware hook will have all of the properties which are passed directly to Mongo. Mutate them as needed, for example to make sure that the current user is only querying data that belongs to her.

How to define hooks

There should be a hooks.js file generated at the root of your graphQL folder, right next to the root resolver and schema, which should look like this

export default {
  Root: {
    queryPreprocess(root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called before query filters are processed
    },
    queryMiddleware(queryPacket, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called after query filters are processed, which are passed in queryPacket
    },
    beforeInsert(objToBeInserted, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called before an insertion occurs. Return false to cancel it
    },
    afterInsert(newObj, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called after an object is inserted
    },
    beforeUpdate(match, updates, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called before an update occurs. Return false to cancel it
    },
    afterUpdate(match, updates, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called after an update occurs. The filter match, and updates objects will be
      //passed into the first two parameters, respectively
    },
    beforeDelete(match, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called before a deletion. Return false to cancel it.
    },
    afterDelete(match, root, args, context, ast) {
      //Called after a deltion. The filter match will be passed into the first parameter.
    },
    adjustResults(results) {
      //Called anytime objects are returned from a graphQL endpoint. Use this hook to make adjustments to them.
    }
  }
};

Add implementations to whichever methods you need. These hooks under Root will be called every time, always. To create hooks that only apply to certain types, just add a key next to root, with the name of the type, with the same methods; you don't have to add all available methods, of course—just add the methods you need. For example

export default {
  Root: {
    queryPreprocess(root, args, context, ast) {
      args.PAGE_SIZE = 50;
    }
  },
  Book: {
    queryPreprocess(root, args, context, ast) {
      args.PAGE_SIZE = 100;
    }
  }
};

will cause every query to have a PAGE_SIZE set to 50, always—except for Book queries, which will have it set to 100.

If a hook is defined both in Root, and for a type, then for operations on that type, the root hook will be called first, followed by the one for the type. So above, PAGE_SIZE will first be set to 50, and then to 100.

Customizing the location of your hooks file.

If you've defined your hooks elsewhere, specify the path to it in the hooks value of your options when creating your GraphQL endpoint, like this

createGraphqlSchema(projectSetupE, path.resolve("./test/testProject5"), { hooks: path.resolve(__dirname, "./projectSetup_Hooks.js") })

That will cause the normal hooks file, described above, to not be created, with your resolvers instead importing this file, and using the hooks defined therein.

Doing asynchronous processing in hooks.

The code which calls these hook methods will do so with await. That means if you need to do asynchronous work in any of these methods, you can just make the hook itself an async method, and await any async operation you need. Or of course you could also return a Promise, which is essentially the same thing.

Reusing code across types' hooks

Many of these preprocessing hooks will be of a similar format, and so the risk of tedious duplication is high. To help avoid this you can, if you want, just provide a class for either Root, or any Type. If you do, then the class will be instantiated, and the same hook methods will be looked for on the newly-created instance. For example

export default {
  Root: HooksRoot,
  Type2: Type2Hooks
};

will work fine, assuming HooksRoot and Type2Hooks are JavaScript classes.

A closer look at what's generated

All code generated is modern JavaScript, meaning ES6, plus async / await and object spread, along with ES6 modules (import / export). If you're using John Dalton's outstanding ESM loader (and I'd urge you to do so) then this code should just work. If any of those conditions are false, you'll need to pipe the results through Babel using your favorite build tool.

Run tests

Tests connect to a local mongo instance test9 needs a replicaset

npm install run-rs -D # or globally -g
run-rs -v 4.0.12
npm run test
rm -rf data # delete local data