Toolkit for developing command-line utilities in Python


License
MIT
Install
pip install Cogs==0.4.4

Documentation

****************************************************************** Cogs - Toolkit for developing command-line utilities in Python ****************************************************************** Overview ======== Cogs is a toolkit for developing command-line utilities in Python. It handles common operations such as parsing command-line parameters, dispatching commands and loading configuration files. It is targeted to developers, sysadmins, testers, or anyone who needs to script their routine tasks. Cogs is a free software licensed under MIT license. Cogs is written by Kirill Simonov from Prometheus Research, LLC. Getting Started =============== You can install Cogs using `PIP package manager`_:: # pip install Cogs .. _PIP package manager: http://www.pip-installer.org/ This operation installs a command-line utility ``cogs`` and a Python package of the same name. The ``cogs`` utility is a dispatcher which which lets you select and execute your scripts (called *tasks*). Let us show how to do it with a simple example. In the current directory, create a file ``cogs.local.py`` with the following content:: from cogs import task import os @task def Hello(name=None): """greet someone (if not specified, the current user)""" if name is None: name = os.getlogin() print "Hello, %s!" % name.capitalize() Now run:: $ cogs hello world Hello, World! $ cogs hello Hello, Xi! $ cogs help hello HELLO - greet someone (if not specified, the current user) Usage: cogs hello [] Cogs converts function ``Hello()`` into a command-line script with parameters inferred from the function signature, so then when you execute a command ``cogs hello world``, you invoke a function ``Hello('world')``. Loading Extensions ================== In this section, we describe how Cogs finds and loads extensions. Cogs loads extensions from two places: * ``cogs.local.py`` or ``cogs.local/__init__.py`` module in the current directory; * all Python packages under ``cogs.extensions`` entry point. The easiest way to add an extension is to create a ``cogs.local.py`` module and add your tasks there. If you want to split the module into multiple files, create a ``cogs.local`` subdirectory with an ``__init__.py`` module. ``cogs.local.py`` or ``cogs.local/__init__.py`` are executed by Cogs on startup. The modules must be owned by the same user who runs the ``cogs`` script, or by ``root``; otherwise they are ignored. If you need to package and distribute your Cogs extensions, using ``cogs.local`` may be inconvenient. In this case, you may package your Cogs extensions as a regular Python distribution. Suppose we want to pack the ``hello`` task as a separate package. Create a directory tree with the following structure:: Cogs-Hello/ src/ cogs/ __init__.py hello.py setup.py The file ``cogs/hello.py`` contains the definition of the ``hello`` task and has the same content as ``cogs.local.py`` in our previous example. The file ``cogs/__init__.py`` contains just one line:: __import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__) The file ``setup.py`` contains the meta-data of the package and may look like this:: from setuptools import setup setup( name='Cogs-Hello', version='0.1', description="""A Cogs task to greet somebody""", packages=['cogs'], namespace_packages=['cogs'], package_dir={'': 'src'}, install_requires=['Cogs'], entry_points={ 'cogs.extensions': ['Hello = cogs.hello'] }, ) Note the parameter ``entry_points`` in ``setup()`` invocation; it adds an entry point ``cogs.extensions`` named ``Hello`` that refers to module ``cogs.hello``. On startup, Cogs finds and loads all packages defined for the entry point ``cogs.extensions``. Defining Tasks ============== A task can be created from a function or a class by augmenting it with the ``task`` decorator:: from cogs import task, argument from cogs.log import log, fail @task def Factorial(n): """calculate n! This task calculates the value of the factorial of the given positive number `n`. Factorial of n, also known as n!, is defined by the formula: n! = 1*2*...*(n-1)*n """ try: n = int(n) except ValueError: raise fail("n must be an integer") if n < 1: raise fail("n must be positive") f = 1 for k in range(2, n+1): f *= k log("{}! = `{}`", n, f) @task class Fibonacci: """calculate the n-th Fibonacci number The n-th Fibonacci number `F_n` is defined by: F_0 = 0 F_1 = 1 F_n = F_{n-1}+F_{n-2} (n>1) """ n = argument(int) def __init__(self, n): if n < 0: raise ValueError("n must be non-negative") self.n = n def __call__(self): p, q = 0, 1 for k in range(self.n): p, q = p+q, p log("F_{} = `{}`", self.n, p) You can now execute the tasks by running:: $ cogs factorial 10 10! = 3628800 $ cogs fibonacci 10 F_10 = 55 Cogs uses the name of the function or the class as the task identifier. The name is normalized: it is converted to lower case and has all underscore characters converted to the dash symbol. If the task is derived from a function, the task arguments are inferred from the function signature. Cogs executes such task by calling the function with the parsed command-line parameters. If the task is derived from a class, the task arguments and options must be defined using ``argument()`` and ``option()`` descriptors. To execute a task, Cogs creates an instance of the class passing the task parameters as the constructor arguments. Then Cogs invokes the ``__call__`` method of the instance. Thus the call of:: $ cogs factorial 10 is translated to:: Factorial('10') and the call of:: $ cogs fibonacci 10 is translated to:: t = Fibonacci(10) t() The docstring of the function or the class becomes the task description:: $ cogs help factorial FACTORIAL - calculate n! Usage: cogs factorial This task calculates the value of the factorial of the given positive number n. Factorial of n, also known as n!, is defined by the formula: n! = 1*2*...*(n-1)*n $ cogs help fibonacci Usage: cogs fibonacci The n-th Fibonacci number F_n is defined by: F_0 = 0 F_1 = 1 F_n = F_{n-1}+F_{n-2} (n>1) A task derived from a function cannot have options. To add an option to a task derived from a class, use the ``option()`` descriptor. For example:: from cogs import task, argument, option import sys, os @task class Write_Hello: name = argument(default=None) output = option(key='o', default=None) def __init__(self, name, output): if name is None: name = os.getlogin() self.name = name if output is None: self.file = sys.stdout else: self.file = open(output, 'w') def __call__(self): self.file.write("Hello, %s!\n" % self.name.capitalize()) You can execute this task with option ``--output`` or ``-o`` to redirect the output to a file:: $ cogs write-hello world -o hello.txt Configuration and Environment ============================= Cogs allows you to define custom configuration parameters. For example:: from cogs import env, task, setting import os @setting def Default_Name(name=None): """the name to use for greetings (if not set: login name)""" if name is None or name == '': name = os.getlogin() if not isinstance(name, str): raise ValueError("a string value is expected") env.add(default_name=name) @task def Hello_With_Configuration(name=None): if name is None: name = env.default_name print "Hello, %s!" % name.capitalize() Now you could specify the name as a configuration parameter ``default-name``. One way to do it is to use global option ``--default-name``:: $ cogs --default-name=world hello-with-configuration You could also pass a configuration parameter using an environment variable:: $ COGS_DEFAULT_NAME=world cogs hello-with-configuration Alternatively, you can put parameters to a configuration file. In the current directory, create a file ``cogs.conf`` with the following content:: default-name: world Now run:: $ cogs hello-with-configuration Cogs reads configuration from the following locations: * ``/etc/cogs.conf`` * ``$PREFIX/etc/cogs.conf`` * ``$HOME/.cogs/cogs.conf`` * ``./cogs.conf`` * program environment * command-line parameters If you'd like to specify the usage of a configuration file that is in a different location than the standard locations listed above, you can use the global option ``--config`` as follows:: $ cogs --config=alternate-cogs.conf hello-with-configuration To create a new configuration parameter, wrap a function named after the parameter with the ``@setting`` decorator. The function must accept zero or one argument: the function is called without arguments if the parameter is not specified explicitly, and is called with the value of the parameter is it was set using one of the methods described above. Cogs does not impose any rules on what to do with the parameter value, but we recommend to store the value in the global ``env`` variable. The call of ``env.add(default_name=name)`` adds a new parameter ``default_name`` which could then be accessed as ``env.default_name``. API Reference ============= ``cogs.core`` ------------- Classes and functions defined in ``cogs.core`` are also importable from the ``cogs`` package. ``@task`` The ``@task`` decorator converts the wrapped function or class into a task. Task properties are inferred from the wrapped object as follows: *name* Generated from the function or the class name. The name is converted to lower case and all underscores are replaced with dashes. *documentation* Generated from the docstring. The first line of the docstring produces a one-line *hint* string, the rest of the docstring produces a multi-line *help* string. *arguments* When the task is inferred from a function, the arguments are generated from the function signature. Each function parameter becomes a task argument, those which have default values are optional. If the task is inferred from a class, the arguments must be specified using the ``argument()`` descriptor. *options* A task inferred from a function has no options. A task inferred from a class may have options specified using the ``option()`` descriptor. When a task is executed, the wrapped object is invoked according to the following rules: * If the task is inferred from a function, parsed command-line parameters are passed as the function arguments. * If the task is inferred from a class, command-line parameters are passed to the class constructor, then the ``__call__`` method is called on the instance. ``@setting`` The ``@setting`` decorator converts the wrapped function to a configuration parameter, which properties are inferred from the function attributes. The setting name is generated from the function name. The name is converted to lower case and has all underscores replaced with dashes. The setting documentation is generated from the function docstring. The function must be able to accept zero and one parameter. The function is called at startup with no parameters if the setting is not explicitly set by the user; otherwise it is called with the value of the setting. The function is responsible for storing the value in the ``env`` object. ``argument(check, default, plural=False)`` Describes a task argument. ``check`` A function which is called to check and/or transform the argument value. The function must return the transformed value or raise ``ValueError`` exception on error. ``default`` The default value to be used if the argument is optional and not specified. If this parameter is not set, the argument is mandatory. ``plural`` If set, the argument consumes all the remaining command-line parameters. Must be the last argument specified. ``option(key, check, default, plural=False, value_name=None, hint=None)`` Describes a task option. ``key`` A one-character shorthand. ``check`` A function called to check and transform the value of the option. The function must return the transformed value or raise ``ValueError`` exception on error. ``default`` The default value used when the option is not specified. If this parameter is not set, the option does not accept a value. Such an option is treated is a toggle and takes a value ``True`` if set and ``False`` if not set. ``plural`` If set, indicates that the option could be specified more than once. ``value_name`` The preferred name for the option value; used for the task description. ``hint`` A one-line description of the option; used for the task description. ``env`` A global object that keeps values of configuration parameters and other properties. ``env.add(**keywords)`` Add new parameters. ``env.set(**keywords)`` Set values for existing parameters. ``env.push(**keywords)`` Save the current state and set new values for existing parameters. ``env.pop()`` Restore a previously saved state of parameters and values. ``env(**keywords)`` A context manager for ``with`` statement. On entering, saves the current state and sets new parameter values. On exiting, restores the saved state. ``cogs.log`` ------------ Printing utilities. ``log(msg="", *args, **kwds)`` Print the message to the standard output. If extra positional or keyword arguments are given, they are formatted with ``format()`` function using ``msg`` as the template. ``log()`` supports output coloring: a substring of the form:: `...` or:: :fmt:`...` is colorized when displayed on a color terminal. The supported formats are: *default* (white), ``debug`` (dark grey), ``warning`` (red), ``success`` (green). ``debug(msg, *args, **kwds)`` Print the message when the ``env.debug`` parameter is set. We recommend to accompany any permanent change to the filesystem or other system state with a respective ``debug()`` call. Add command-line parameter ``--debug`` or set environment variable ``COGS_DEBUG=1`` to see debug output. ``warn(msg, *args, **kwds)`` Display a warning. ``warn()`` should be used for reporting error conditions which do not prevent the script from continuing the job. ``fail(msg, *args, **kwds)`` Display an error message and return an exception object. It should be used in the following manner:: raise fail("no more beer in the refrigerator") ``cogs.fs`` ----------- File and system utilities. ``cp(src, dst)`` Copy a file or a directory tree. ``mv(src, dst)`` Move a file or a directory tree. ``rm(path)`` Remove a file. ``mktree(path)`` Create all directories in the path. ``rmtree(path)`` Remove a directory tree. ``exe(cmd, cd=None, environ=None)`` Replace the current process with the given shell command. If ``cd`` is given, changes the directory to the specified path before executing the command. If ``environ`` is given, adds the given parameters to the environment before executing the command. ``sh(cmd, data=None, cd=None, environ=None)`` Execute a shell command with the given input and working directory. ``pipe(cmd, data=None, cd=None, environ=None)`` Execute a shell command with the given input and working directory; return the command output. .. vim: set spell spelllang=en textwidth=72: