django-pg-returning
A small library implementing PostgreSQL ability to return rows in DML statements for Django.
Link to PostgreSQL docs
Requirements
- Python Python 3.6+ Previous versions may also work, but are not tested with CI
- django >= 1.8
Previous versions may also work, but are not tested with CI.
bulk_create_returning method doesn't support .only() and .defer() filters for django before 1.10. - psycopg2 or psycopg2-binary This library is not added to requirements file as it is not used directly (thorugh django cursor only). Any form of psycopg2 installation can be used.
- typing for python < 3.5
- PostgreSQL 9.4+
Previous versions may also work, but are not tested with CI.
Installation
Install via pip:
pip install django-pg-returning
or via setup.py:
python setup.py install
Usage
Integration
The easiest way to integrate, is to inherit your model from UpdateReturningModel instead of django.db.models.Model.
It already has redeclared Manager, supporting returning operations.
from django.db import models
from django_pg_returning import UpdateReturningModel
class MyModel(UpdateReturningModel):
field = models.IntegerField()If you already have custom manager, you can implement get_queryset() method in it:
from django.db import models
from django_pg_returning import UpdateReturningQuerySet, UpdateReturningModel
class MyManager(models.Manager):
def get_queryset(self):
return UpdateReturningQuerySet(using=self.db, model=self.model)
class MyModel(UpdateReturningModel):
objects = MyManager()
field = models.IntegerField()And if you have custom manager you can use a mixin:
from django.db import models
from django_pg_returning import UpdateReturningMixin, UpdateReturningModel
class MyQuerySet(models.QuerySet, UpdateReturningMixin):
pass
class MyManager(models.Manager):
def get_queryset(self):
return MyQuerySet(using=self.db, model=self.model)
class MyModel(UpdateReturningModel):
objects = MyManager()
field = models.IntegerField()Methods
QuerySet methods
After QuerySet mixin is integrated with your model, your QuerySet-s will have 3 additional methods:
from django.db.models import Value
# Any django queryset you like
qs = MyModel.objects.all()
# Update and return a ReturningQuerySet, described below
result = qs.update_returning(field=1)
# Delete data and return a ReturningQuerySet, described below
result = qs.delete_returning()
# Acts like django's QuerySet.create() method, but updates all model fields to values stored in database
# Can be used to retrieve values, saved by database default/triggers etc.
result = MyModel.objects.create_returning(field=Value(1) + Value(2))
print(result.field) # prints: "3" instead of "Value(1) + Value(2)"
# Acts like django's QuerySet.bulk_create() method, but updates all model fields to values stored in database
# Can be used to retrieve values, saved by database default/triggers etc.
result = MyModel.objects.bulk_create_returning([MyModel(field=Value(1) + Value(2))])
print(result[0].field) # prints: "3" instead of "Value(1) + Value(2)"By default methods get all fields, fetched by the model.
To limit fields returned, you can use standard
QuerySet.only()
and
QuerySet.defer() methods.
create_returning doesn't support these methods.
bulk_create_returning doesn't support these methods for django before 1.10.
Model methods
If model instance is created, basic save() method is called.
If model is updated, database record is updated, and saved fields are refreshed with database values.
This may be useful, if you update fields with F() expressions.
By default all fields are saved and refreshed.
Use update_fields to specify concrete fields to save and refresh.
from django.db.models import Value, F
instance = MyModel(pk=1, field=Value(1))
instance.save_returning()
print(instance.field)
# Output: 2
# if basic save() called: F('field') + Value(1)
instance.field = F('field') + 1
# Basic save method will not change field and you don't know, what value is in database
instance.save()
print(instance.field)
# Output: F('field') + Value(1)
# Library method gives ability to fetch updated result
instance.save_returning()
print(instance.field)
# Output: 2Important notes:
- If you don't fetch field, and then try to get it, library acts as django does - makes extra database query to fetch attribute deferred.
- These queries are not lazy, as well as basic QuerySet.update() and QuerySet.delete() methods.
- Primary key field is fetched not looking at limiting methods, as django needs it to form a QuerySet
ReturningQuerySet
The result of returning functions is django_pg_returning.ReturningQuerySet. It is based on django's RawQuerySet, but adds some extra methods to be used easier. The main difference is that ReturningQuerySet caches query results, while RawQuerySet executes query each time it is iterated. All ReturningQuerySet methods are not executed on database side, they are executed in python on cached result. The only way, ReturningQuerySet makes extra database query - is deferred field loading, described above. Implemented methods:
# UPDATE ... RETURNING query is executed here once. The result is cached.
result = MyModel.objects.all().update_returning(field=1)
# Get number of values fetched
print(result.count(), len(result))
# Output: 1, 1
# Index and slicing. Note that the order of result is not guaranteed by the database.
print(result[1], result[0:2])
# Output: MyModel(...), [MyModel(...), MyModel(...), MyModel(...)]
# Sintax sugar for indexing
print(result.first(), result.last())
# Output: MyModel(...), MyModel(...)
# Fetching values and values_list. Both methods use cache and return lists, not ValuesQuerySet like django does.
# values() method cakked without fields will return all fields, fetched in returning method.
# values_list() method called without fields will raise exception, as order or fields in result tuple is not obvious.
print(result.values())
# Output: [{'id': 1, 'field': 1}, {'id': 2, 'field': 2}]
print(result.values('field'))
# Output: [{'field': 1}, {'field': 2}]
print(result.values_list('field', flat=True))
# Output: [1, 2]
print(result.values_list('field', 'id', named=True))
# Output: [Row(field=1, id=1), Row(field=2, id=2)]
