go-plugin is a Go (golang) plugin system over RPC. It is the plugin system that has been in use by HashiCorp tooling for over 4 years. While initially created for Packer, it is additionally in use by Terraform, Nomad, Vault, Boundary, and Waypoint.

While the plugin system is over RPC, it is currently only designed to work over a local [reliable] network. Plugins over a real network are not supported and will lead to unexpected behavior.

This plugin system has been used on millions of machines across many different projects and has proven to be battle hardened and ready for production use.

The HashiCorp plugin system supports a number of features:

Plugins are Go interface implementations. This makes writing and consuming plugins feel very natural. To a plugin author: you just implement an interface as if it were going to run in the same process. For a plugin user: you just use and call functions on an interface as if it were in the same process. This plugin system handles the communication in between.

Cross-language support. Plugins can be written (and consumed) by almost every major language. This library supports serving plugins via gRPC. gRPC-based plugins enable plugins to be written in any language.

Complex arguments and return values are supported. This library provides APIs for handling complex arguments and return values such as interfaces, io.Reader/Writer, etc. We do this by giving you a library (MuxBroker) for creating new connections between the client/server to serve additional interfaces or transfer raw data.

Bidirectional communication. Because the plugin system supports complex arguments, the host process can send it interface implementations and the plugin can call back into the host process.

Built-in Logging. Any plugins that use the log standard library will have log data automatically sent to the host process. The host process will mirror this output prefixed with the path to the plugin binary. This makes debugging with plugins simple. If the host system uses hclog then the log data will be structured. If the plugin also uses hclog, logs from the plugin will be sent to the host hclog and be structured.

Protocol Versioning. A very basic "protocol version" is supported that can be incremented to invalidate any previous plugins. This is useful when interface signatures are changing, protocol level changes are necessary, etc. When a protocol version is incompatible, a human friendly error message is shown to the end user.

Stdout/Stderr Syncing. While plugins are subprocesses, they can continue to use stdout/stderr as usual and the output will get mirrored back to the host process. The host process can control what io.Writer these streams go to to prevent this from happening.

TTY Preservation. Plugin subprocesses are connected to the identical stdin file descriptor as the host process, allowing software that requires a TTY to work. For example, a plugin can execute ssh and even though there are multiple subprocesses and RPC happening, it will look and act perfectly to the end user.

Host upgrade while a plugin is running. Plugins can be "reattached" so that the host process can be upgraded while the plugin is still running. This requires the host/plugin to know this is possible and daemonize properly. NewClient takes a ReattachConfig to determine if and how to reattach.

Cryptographically Secure Plugins. Plugins can be verified with an expected checksum and RPC communications can be configured to use TLS. The host process must be properly secured to protect this configuration.

The HashiCorp plugin system works by launching subprocesses and communicating over RPC (using standard net/rpc or gRPC). A single connection is made between any plugin and the host process. For net/rpc-based plugins, we use a connection multiplexing library to multiplex any other connections on top. For gRPC-based plugins, the HTTP2 protocol handles multiplexing.

This architecture has a number of benefits:

• Plugins can't crash your host process: A panic in a plugin doesn't panic the plugin user.

• Plugins are very easy to write: just write a Go application and go build. Or use any other language to write a gRPC server with a tiny amount of boilerplate to support go-plugin.

• Plugins are very easy to install: just put the binary in a location where the host will find it (depends on the host but this library also provides helpers), and the plugin host handles the rest.

• Plugins can be relatively secure: The plugin only has access to the interfaces and args given to it, not to the entire memory space of the process. Additionally, go-plugin can communicate with the plugin over TLS.

To use the plugin system, you must take the following steps. These are high-level steps that must be done. Examples are available in the examples/ directory.

1. Choose the interface(s) you want to expose for plugins.

2. For each interface, implement an implementation of that interface that communicates over a net/rpc connection or over a gRPC connection or both. You'll have to implement both a client and server implementation.

3. Create a Plugin implementation that knows how to create the RPC client/server for a given plugin type.

4. Plugin authors call plugin.Serve to serve a plugin from the main function.

5. Plugin users use plugin.Client to launch a subprocess and request an interface implementation over RPC.

That's it! In practice, step 2 is the most tedious and time consuming step. Even so, it isn't very difficult and you can see examples in the examples/ directory as well as throughout our various open source projects.

For complete API documentation, see GoDoc.

Our plugin system is constantly evolving. As we use the plugin system for new projects or for new features in existing projects, we constantly find improvements we can make.

At this point in time, the roadmap for the plugin system is:

Semantic Versioning. Plugins will be able to implement a semantic version. This plugin system will give host processes a system for constraining versions. This is in addition to the protocol versioning already present which is more for larger underlying changes.

When we started using plugins (late 2012, early 2013), plugins over RPC were the only option since Go didn't support dynamic library loading. Today, Go supports the plugin standard library with a number of limitations. Since 2012, our plugin system has stabilized from tens of millions of users using it, and has many benefits we've come to value greatly.

For example, we use this plugin system in Vault where dynamic library loading is not acceptable for security reasons. That is an extreme example, but we believe our library system has more upsides than downsides over dynamic library loading and since we've had it built and tested for years, we'll continue to use it.

Shared libraries have one major advantage over our system which is much higher performance. In real world scenarios across our various tools, we've never required any more performance out of our plugin system and it has seen very high throughput, so this isn't a concern for us at the moment.